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Attempts to stop voters getting to polling stations, increase waiting times to place a ballot or add restrictions on who can vote are becoming issues in democracies around the world.

Techniques vary, but the intention is the same – to make voting more difficult. In the recent US midterm elections, lines at polling stations in the US state of Georgia, left  for hours, often without access to seating or water, following the introduction .

Under those laws, the number of places where people could drop off their ballots was reduced, and their opening times restricted. For instance, the number of drop boxes in  with high numbers of African-American residents was cut from 107 to 25.

Voter suppression  in the United States that stretches back to colonial times. Last year, the American Civil Liberties Union said that more than 48 states have recently tried to introduce more than 400 anti-voter bills. Efforts to suppress voting rights included voter ID laws, similar to the UK’s 2022. Other measures mentioned included purging voter rolls at district level and what it called systemic disenfranchisement aimed to “disproportionately impact people of colour, students, older people, ”.

Over the past two years, US states have passed 28 bills increasing . Conspiracy stories of a stolen election, fuelled by Republican lawmakers after President Donald Trump lost the  gave many of these laws momentum.

Georgia’s state-wide investigative agency, for example, has been  to seize election-related documents, while New Hampshire’s state attorney general is required to investigate any allegations of election fraud by election officials. And it is not just officials that are being targeted. , fraudulent voting or incorrectly registering to vote has become a felony with a prison sentence of up to five years.

Electoral rights for US citizens were enshrined in the Voting Rights Act (1965). The act, signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson, was inspired by the civil rights movement campaign that culminated in Martin Luther King Jr.’s  between Selma and Montgomery, Alabama. The Voting Rights Act made it unlawful for local, state  to impede people voting due to their ethnicity or colour. But over the last decade, after a number of Supreme Court rulings, the act . This has allowed states to pass election laws without first clearing them with the Supreme Court.

But it’s not just the US which has been changing its rules on voting. The UK’s Elections Act 2022, which became law in April, is likely to have a substantial impact on voting habits. Arguably, the most significant is that voters will now need to produce photo ID from a short list  in British general elections and English local elections. The government estimates those without the necessary photo ID are around 2% of the population, critics say that .

The British government  that such measures will protect voters from electoral fraud and “”. But some local election officers are worried by the speed the government is implementing these changes. This, along with lack of clarity over the rules, have led to concern that thousands of people could be disenfranchised and that election results could be .

The UK government hopes that the provision of a free elector ID card will be enough to avoid what it estimated to be 2.1 million people who lack the necessary identification from being disenfranchised. But researchers have identified problems in the US with the provision of , including long distances of travel required to get them.

Lloyd Russell-Moyle, a Labour MP for Brighton, said that the type of government-accepted ID excluded young voters.  there was a clear element of voter suppression, while Baroness Natalie Bennett called the Election Act “voter suppression straight out of the ”.

Threats to democracy

And it’s not just in the northern hemisphere where voter suppression is on the agenda. In the recent Brazilian elections between incumbent President Jair Bolsonaro and challenger Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, federal highway police (PRF) were accused of  through increasing numbers of roadside searches on election day. The PRF, an organisation close to Bolsonaro, had set up roadblocks in areas where Lula had considerable backing. These operations, according to the PRF, were to “guarantee the mobility, safety and fight crime on ”.

Brazil’s senior election chief Alexandre de Moraes ordered the PRF to cease all vehicle searches,  , until the election was over. According to reports, the PRF had stopped over 550 public buses as it claimed Moraes’ order did not apply to all .

This was the latest attempt by Bolsonaro to undermine democratic institutions. Echoing Trump’s claims, Bolsonaro repeatedly alleged voter fraud and  in order to strengthen his own position. Other reports have accused Bolsonaro of “promoting the large scale militarisation of his government and ”. Having lost the election, it is still  will concede to his opponent.

And there’s other potential threats ahead. In the US midterms while there was  against “election denier” candidates who spoke about reforming the US voting system and argued falsely that the last presidential election was “stolen”, significantly some are taking office. These include the secretaries of state in , who are likely to be the top election administrators in each state. These newly elected officials will be in powerful positions to oversee and reject ballots.

Any government, no matter the ideological persuasion, that deliberately excludes its potential opponents, risks undermining a nation’s democracy. Sadly, it appears that many sitting politicians around the globe appear not to care about that.

 is a Teaching Fellow in the School of  in the .

This article is republished from  under a Creative Commons Licence. .