In new research, Karen Johnston, Federica Alberti, and Foteini Kravariti look at the effects of widespread and well-known institutional racism and sexism in police forces on recruitment.
Following the high-profile murders by police of George Floyd in the US and Sarah Everard in the UK, public trust in the police is in crisis. In new research, , , and look at the effects of widespread and well-known institutional racism and sexism in police forces on recruitment. Using experimental research, they find that neither the UK nor US police forces are an attractive employment prospect, with reputational prestige scoring the lowest.
The murders of George Floyd in the US and Sarah Everard in the UK at the hands of serving police officers, and various scandals such as the 48 rape convictions of former police officer David Carrick have brought into sharp focus that policing is facing a crisis. In the UK, just recently His Majestys Chief Inspector of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services (HMICFRS), Andy Cooke said that Public trust in the police is hanging by a thread.
The Problem with Policing
There is now a great deal of evidence of institutional racism and sexism in the police, both in the US and UK. For example, a recent investigation by Independent Office for Police Conduct found that the Metropolitan Police, the police service for the Greater London area and the largest force in the UK, has a culture of racism and misogyny with evidence of harassment (including threats of rape) and exchange of offensive social media messaging. In the US, after the murder of George Floyd, there was a noteworthy suggesting that the public perceives the police as a discriminatory and thus unattractive employer. The US police now face a with an inability to attract and recruit women and minorities to police service. If women and minorities are not attracted to serving in the police, how does this impact efforts to diversify the police workforce?
Despite efforts to increase the recruitment of women and minorities to the police, such as the in order to increase workforce diversity in the US and the Police Uplift programme in the UK, most police departments in the US and police forces in the UK have been unsuccessful in attracting applicants from diverse backgrounds. For example, in the US, the found that approximately a third of police departments declare an inability to attract women candidates. In the UK, the shows that although the police employed approximately 32 per cent of women in 2021, in terms of voluntary resignations 43 per cent were by women police officers compared to 29 per cent of men. Thus, there is not only a problem of recruitment but retention as well.
Policing is traditionally as with well-embedded norms. The perception of the police is one of , valuing of . Men in the police, therefore, do not the encroachment of women in policing because femininity is seen as being incongruent with policing and attributes of . Thus, the police is a masculine space where women (and minorities) are considered as other and .
Researching Gender Representation of the Police
Using experimental research design we surveyed the public in the UK and the US, to understand if gender representation of the police affects the extent to which women would find the police attractive as an employer. The aim of the research was to understand whether the symbolic effects, if any, of an increased representation of women in a police department would make the police an attractive employment prospect for women.
Our study manipulated the gender composition of the police department in a hypothetical job advert and then asked questions on the extent to which applicants found the police department an attractive employer. The survey was based on an , which included 5-point scale measures for the general attractiveness of an organization (for example This organization is attractive to me as a place for employment); reputational prestige (for example Employees are probably proud to say they work at this organization); and intention to pursue employment ( for example I would accept a job offer from this organization).
The police are not attractive as a potential employer
Overall, respondents to the survey did not find the police to be an attractive employment prospect. In both the US and UK samples, reputational prestige received the lowest score with an average of 2.2 (out of 5) points for the US sample and 2.1 points for the UK sample. General attractiveness and intentions to pursue both received slightly higher scores with an average of 2.6 and 2.7 points respectively for the US sample and an average of 2.4 and 2.5 respectively for the UK sample. Curiously, women respondents were more attracted to the police department with the higher representation of men. Thus, there were no symbolic effects of gender representation. It is plausible that the social construction of and the association of masculinity with policing may offer an explanation for a preference for a male-dominated police department perhaps aligning with societal mores of policing being a .
Karen Johnston is a Professor of Organisational Studies and Foteini Kravariti is asenior lecturer in talent management studies in at the , Federica Alberti is a Senior Lecturer at the in the Faculty of Business and Law.
This article is republished from the under a Creative Commons Licence. .
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